Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
A complete, doctor-reviewed guide to understanding and managing eczema.
What is Eczema?
Eczema, medically known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes the skin to become dry, itchy, cracked, and inflamed. It commonly appears in childhood but can affect people of any age. Eczema often occurs alongside other allergic conditions such as asthma and hay fever, a pattern known as the "atopic triad."
Causes of Eczema
- Genetic predisposition and family history of allergies
- A weakened or overactive skin barrier that loses moisture easily
- Immune system overreaction to irritants or allergens
- Environmental triggers like pollen, dust, or pollution
- Stress and hormonal changes
Symptoms of Eczema
- Intense itching, often worse at night
- Dry, sensitive, and scaly skin
- Red to brownish-gray patches, especially on hands, feet, ankles, wrists, neck, and inside elbows/knees
- Small raised bumps that may leak fluid when scratched
- Thickened, cracked skin in long-standing cases
Types of Eczema
- Atopic Dermatitis – the most common, chronic form
- Contact Dermatitis – triggered by direct contact with an irritant or allergen
- Dyshidrotic Eczema – small blisters on hands and feet
- Nummular Eczema – coin-shaped patches
- Seborrheic Dermatitis – affects oily areas like the scalp and face
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on a physical examination and medical history. In some cases, a dermatologist may recommend patch testing to identify specific allergens or a skin biopsy to rule out other conditions.
Treatment Options
- Regular moisturizing with fragrance-free emollients
- Topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation during flare-ups
- Topical calcineurin inhibitors for sensitive areas like the face
- Antihistamines to reduce itching and improve sleep
- Phototherapy (UV light therapy) for moderate-to-severe cases
- Biologic injections for severe, treatment-resistant eczema
Home Care & Prevention Tips
- Use lukewarm water, not hot, for bathing
- Apply moisturizer immediately after bathing while skin is damp
- Wear soft, breathable cotton fabrics
- Identify and avoid personal triggers
- Keep nails trimmed to reduce damage from scratching
When to See a Doctor
Consult a dermatologist if the itching disrupts your sleep or daily life, if the skin shows signs of infection (increasing redness, warmth, pus, or fever), or if over-the-counter treatments are not providing relief after a few weeks.